Bio 2100 LESSON 4
Monday, December 7, 2009
Dr Dave Menke, Instructor
I Logistics
A. Return of papers (Test 1, Hwk, MG1, SA1)
B. Collection of Missing work.
C. Questions
D. Test 1 Analysis
E. Running Grades – Note Missing Work!
II Review of Lesson 3 – the Cell
Hand out Copy of Dr Dave’s Lesson on Cell
III Lab Exercise #2, Microscopic Observations
IV Lesson 4, Chapters 7-9
A. Carl Linneus
B. Typhoid
C. Diphtheria
D. Protozoa
E. Amoebae
F. Paramecia
G. Other
(See hard copy handout giving annotated notes)
IV Homework Set 2: Finish Reading Chapters 5 – 11 and Finish Questions From Weekly Work, Due Thursday, November 12: Review Questions A.1.-17. on pp 97-98; A.1.-19. on pp 110-112; A.1.- 11. on pp 121-123; A.1.- 11. on pp 143 – 145; A.1.- 14 on pp 164-166; A.1.-17. on pp 188-191; and A.1. – 15. on pp 208-210.
V Remember Essay 2 is on Robert Hooke, due Thursday, December 10.
End
Monday, December 7, 2009
Thursday, December 3, 2009
BIOLOGY2100 HOMEWORK SET 2
BIOLOGY2100 HOMEWORK SET 2
Review Questions
Chapter 5: A.1.-17. on pp 97-98
1. Which organelle most closely resembles the “endoplasmic reticulum”?
2. All eukaryotes contain cytoplasm, nuclear stuff, and what else?
3. Cristae (inner folds) are characteristic of what?
4. Chemical analysis of the plasma or cell membrane indicates the presence of ….
5. Protein synthesis is done in which organelle?
6. Chromatin is generally found in which structure?
7. The cytoplasm has which chemical compound in abundance?
8. Which term is most closely related to chromatin?
9. RNA is the most plentiful in the section of the nucleus called …
10. The cell gets its energy from the process of…
11. Dissolved gases may pass through what?
12. What produces the chemical ATP?
13. Which is NOT an organelle? {Golgi bodies, ribosome, lysosome, microscope}
14. Explain diffusion.
15. One major feature of the cell membrane (aka plasma membrane) is:
16. Which ONE of these can easily pass through the cell membrane? {starch, glucose, protein, fat}
17. Molecules passing through a membrane from lower to higher concentration is called:
Chapter 6: A.1.-19. on pp 110-112
1. Bacteria may survive bad environmental conditions by ….
2. In the lab, we often grow bacteria in a ….
3. Bacteria give off poisonous products as they perform reactions. These poisons are known as ….
4. Which one of these is NOT an infectious agent? {worms, proteins, viruses, bacteria}
5. Viruses can be seen only with a (n)….
6. Simple organelles of a prokaryote include….
7. What are capsular bacteria?
8. Organelles that travel are ….
9. All prokaryotes are surrounded by a cell membrane and by a ….
10. Why was it important to know which bacteria was causing a particular infection?
11. A classification developed by Linnaeus was called….
12. The branch of biology that specializes in classifying things is called….
13. The most closely related group of organisms is called {kingdom, genus, species, order}
14. What do Protists include?
15. What is the number of the protist kingdom?
16. The Greek classification of the human species is homo sapien sapien which is what?
17. The correct arrangement of the following groups from the highest to the lowest is: 1-class; 2-family; 3-phylum; 4-orders; 5-genus; 6-species is:
18. The kingdom containing organisms that are neither plants nor animals is
19. Two organisms are in the same species if they … what?
Chapter 7: A.1.- 11. on pp 121-123
1. In the image on page 121, identify the types of bacteria by shape.
2. Describe a flagellum and its function.
3. Describe a spore and its function.
4. What genera of bacteria form spores and why are they so dangerous?
5. What is a capsule, relative to this discussion?
6. What characteristic of a cell wall helps a bacterial cell to maintain its shape?
7. What does a pathogenic bacterium have that a non-pathogenic bacterium usually does not have?
8. How large is a bacteria in metric units?
9. Name a disease caused by a bacteria that is
a. Spherical and in clusters
b. Spherical and in chains
c. Spherical and in pairs
d. Rod-shaped
e. Spiral-shaped
10. Name the type of bacteria that causes Typhoid Fever. Do the same for Diphtheria. Compare and contrast the two bacteria.
11. What precautious must be taken when killing bacterial cells with spores?
Chapter 8: A.1.- 11. on pp 143 – 145
1. Where are organisms found?
2. Single cell animals are called ….
3. Organisms that are made up of more than one cell are called ….
4. What are simple plants called?
5. Give the average size, or length, of a bacterium. Compare this to something we use in everyday life.
6. Explain the main difference between a bacterium and a protozoan.
7. Why is a virus “filterable”?
8. List two diseases caused by viruses.
9. Now, list three diseases caused by bacteria.
10. Finally, list two diseases caused by a protozoan.
11. Fill in the blanks for the schematic on page 145.
Chapter 9: A.1.- 14 on pp 164-166
1. Explain the difference between a saprophyte and a parasite.
2. Three beneficial uses of yeast include:
3. Two harmful effects of yeast are:
4. What are the conditions necessary for growth of the yeast plant?
5. What conditions would be effective to prevent the growth of yeast?
6. What are molds?
7. What conditions are needed for molds to grow?
8. Where are molds found?
9. Do molds ever form on material other than on foods? Give examples.
10. What gives the characteristic color to molds?
11. What causes molds to appear “fuzzy?”
12. What diseases are caused by molds?
13. Why are molds belonging to the Penicillium genus beneficial?
14. Which of the following list will inhibit, prevent, or slow the growth of mold?
a. Store in refrigerator
b. Store in a warm, dark place
c. Store in direct sunlight
d. Store in an air-tight container
e. Sterilize by boiling
f. Store at room temperature
Chapter 10: A.1.-17. on pp 188-191
1. Describe how paramecium and amoeba reproduce.
2. Why’s it important for a Health Dude to understand how a paramecium carries on its life activities?
3. Using any sources you have at your disposal, complete the charge on page 188.
4. How do protozoa differ from fungi?
5. Where are protozoa found?
6. How are protozoa categorized according to their method of movement?
7. What’s an amoeba?
8. Explain how an amoeba feeds.
9. How many nuclei does a paramecium have? State the name and function of each.
10. What are parasites?
11. What’s a host?
12. What harm can parasites cause?
13. Given an example of a part of the body that encourages the growth of parasites, and why.
14. What is anti-biosis?
15. Name some insects that are parasites.
16. How do most worms enter the body? Give some examples of parasitic worms.
17. Which of the parasites are the most harmful to humans? Why?
Chapter 11: A.1. – 15. on pp 208-210
1. Where are bacteria found?
2. Explain in your own words how a bacteriologist tests for the presence of diphtheria bacilli in a child.
3. Why are culture media used?
4. How do bacteria differ from protozoa, yeasts, and molds?
5. What name is given to useful bacteria?
6. How are the useful bacteria important to us?
7. What do we call harmful bacteria? What makes them harmful?
8. Why is the study of bacteria so essential for the health care professional?
9. Why is it difficult to see the structure of bacteria even under the microscope?
10. What measure can be taken by the health care professional to destroy bacterial growth?
11. What are mycoplasmas?
12. Why are mycoplasmas said to be pleomorphic?
13. What conditions can Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?
14. Name the clinically significant rickettsias and chlamydias.
15. Compare the growth characteristics of rickettsias and chlamydias.
End
Review Questions
Chapter 5: A.1.-17. on pp 97-98
1. Which organelle most closely resembles the “endoplasmic reticulum”?
2. All eukaryotes contain cytoplasm, nuclear stuff, and what else?
3. Cristae (inner folds) are characteristic of what?
4. Chemical analysis of the plasma or cell membrane indicates the presence of ….
5. Protein synthesis is done in which organelle?
6. Chromatin is generally found in which structure?
7. The cytoplasm has which chemical compound in abundance?
8. Which term is most closely related to chromatin?
9. RNA is the most plentiful in the section of the nucleus called …
10. The cell gets its energy from the process of…
11. Dissolved gases may pass through what?
12. What produces the chemical ATP?
13. Which is NOT an organelle? {Golgi bodies, ribosome, lysosome, microscope}
14. Explain diffusion.
15. One major feature of the cell membrane (aka plasma membrane) is:
16. Which ONE of these can easily pass through the cell membrane? {starch, glucose, protein, fat}
17. Molecules passing through a membrane from lower to higher concentration is called:
Chapter 6: A.1.-19. on pp 110-112
1. Bacteria may survive bad environmental conditions by ….
2. In the lab, we often grow bacteria in a ….
3. Bacteria give off poisonous products as they perform reactions. These poisons are known as ….
4. Which one of these is NOT an infectious agent? {worms, proteins, viruses, bacteria}
5. Viruses can be seen only with a (n)….
6. Simple organelles of a prokaryote include….
7. What are capsular bacteria?
8. Organelles that travel are ….
9. All prokaryotes are surrounded by a cell membrane and by a ….
10. Why was it important to know which bacteria was causing a particular infection?
11. A classification developed by Linnaeus was called….
12. The branch of biology that specializes in classifying things is called….
13. The most closely related group of organisms is called {kingdom, genus, species, order}
14. What do Protists include?
15. What is the number of the protist kingdom?
16. The Greek classification of the human species is homo sapien sapien which is what?
17. The correct arrangement of the following groups from the highest to the lowest is: 1-class; 2-family; 3-phylum; 4-orders; 5-genus; 6-species is:
18. The kingdom containing organisms that are neither plants nor animals is
19. Two organisms are in the same species if they … what?
Chapter 7: A.1.- 11. on pp 121-123
1. In the image on page 121, identify the types of bacteria by shape.
2. Describe a flagellum and its function.
3. Describe a spore and its function.
4. What genera of bacteria form spores and why are they so dangerous?
5. What is a capsule, relative to this discussion?
6. What characteristic of a cell wall helps a bacterial cell to maintain its shape?
7. What does a pathogenic bacterium have that a non-pathogenic bacterium usually does not have?
8. How large is a bacteria in metric units?
9. Name a disease caused by a bacteria that is
a. Spherical and in clusters
b. Spherical and in chains
c. Spherical and in pairs
d. Rod-shaped
e. Spiral-shaped
10. Name the type of bacteria that causes Typhoid Fever. Do the same for Diphtheria. Compare and contrast the two bacteria.
11. What precautious must be taken when killing bacterial cells with spores?
Chapter 8: A.1.- 11. on pp 143 – 145
1. Where are organisms found?
2. Single cell animals are called ….
3. Organisms that are made up of more than one cell are called ….
4. What are simple plants called?
5. Give the average size, or length, of a bacterium. Compare this to something we use in everyday life.
6. Explain the main difference between a bacterium and a protozoan.
7. Why is a virus “filterable”?
8. List two diseases caused by viruses.
9. Now, list three diseases caused by bacteria.
10. Finally, list two diseases caused by a protozoan.
11. Fill in the blanks for the schematic on page 145.
Chapter 9: A.1.- 14 on pp 164-166
1. Explain the difference between a saprophyte and a parasite.
2. Three beneficial uses of yeast include:
3. Two harmful effects of yeast are:
4. What are the conditions necessary for growth of the yeast plant?
5. What conditions would be effective to prevent the growth of yeast?
6. What are molds?
7. What conditions are needed for molds to grow?
8. Where are molds found?
9. Do molds ever form on material other than on foods? Give examples.
10. What gives the characteristic color to molds?
11. What causes molds to appear “fuzzy?”
12. What diseases are caused by molds?
13. Why are molds belonging to the Penicillium genus beneficial?
14. Which of the following list will inhibit, prevent, or slow the growth of mold?
a. Store in refrigerator
b. Store in a warm, dark place
c. Store in direct sunlight
d. Store in an air-tight container
e. Sterilize by boiling
f. Store at room temperature
Chapter 10: A.1.-17. on pp 188-191
1. Describe how paramecium and amoeba reproduce.
2. Why’s it important for a Health Dude to understand how a paramecium carries on its life activities?
3. Using any sources you have at your disposal, complete the charge on page 188.
4. How do protozoa differ from fungi?
5. Where are protozoa found?
6. How are protozoa categorized according to their method of movement?
7. What’s an amoeba?
8. Explain how an amoeba feeds.
9. How many nuclei does a paramecium have? State the name and function of each.
10. What are parasites?
11. What’s a host?
12. What harm can parasites cause?
13. Given an example of a part of the body that encourages the growth of parasites, and why.
14. What is anti-biosis?
15. Name some insects that are parasites.
16. How do most worms enter the body? Give some examples of parasitic worms.
17. Which of the parasites are the most harmful to humans? Why?
Chapter 11: A.1. – 15. on pp 208-210
1. Where are bacteria found?
2. Explain in your own words how a bacteriologist tests for the presence of diphtheria bacilli in a child.
3. Why are culture media used?
4. How do bacteria differ from protozoa, yeasts, and molds?
5. What name is given to useful bacteria?
6. How are the useful bacteria important to us?
7. What do we call harmful bacteria? What makes them harmful?
8. Why is the study of bacteria so essential for the health care professional?
9. Why is it difficult to see the structure of bacteria even under the microscope?
10. What measure can be taken by the health care professional to destroy bacterial growth?
11. What are mycoplasmas?
12. Why are mycoplasmas said to be pleomorphic?
13. What conditions can Mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?
14. Name the clinically significant rickettsias and chlamydias.
15. Compare the growth characteristics of rickettsias and chlamydias.
End
Bio 2100 LESSON 3
Bio 2100 LESSON 3
THURSDAY, December 3, 2009
Dr Dave Menke, Instructor
I Logistics
II Questions/ Review of Lesson 2
III Test 1 on Chapters 1 & 2; turn in papers due
IV Mind Game 1: Crossword Puzzle on terms
V Lesson 3 on Chapters 5, 6; the Cell -
(see attached treatise on cell)
VI Reading, Problem Solving in Chapters 5 - 11
VII Assignments for Monday (see Weekly Work).
THURSDAY, December 3, 2009
Dr Dave Menke, Instructor
I Logistics
II Questions/ Review of Lesson 2
III Test 1 on Chapters 1 & 2; turn in papers due
IV Mind Game 1: Crossword Puzzle on terms
V Lesson 3 on Chapters 5, 6; the Cell -
(see attached treatise on cell)
VI Reading, Problem Solving in Chapters 5 - 11
VII Assignments for Monday (see Weekly Work).
Tuesday, December 1, 2009
BIO2100 SOLUTION SET 1
BIO2100 SOLUTION SET 1
Homework 1: “Microbiology: A Brief Summary”; Questions 1. – 16. At the end of the Document
Questions:
1. What does “microbiology” mean? The study of tiny life forms
2. Name 4 subfields of microbiology. bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, and virology
3. It is estimated that we have examined maybe only about how many percent of all of the types of microbes on Earth? 1%
4. Who was Sushruta? Ancient Wise Man of Northern India who suggested tiny invisible “bugs” may cause illness.
5. Which Roman scientist, about 80 BC, postulated theories on microorganisms? Reatinus
6. A Persian scholar had alluded to “tiny bodies” that contaminate the fluids and solids that human bodies give off. Who was this scholar (any of his names) and about what year was it? Avicenna
7. Who speculated that tuberculosis (TB) was infectious? Avicenna
8. Who recommended quarantine to help stop the spread of disease? Avicenna
9. A 14th Century Arab medical doctor, Ibn Khatima, concluded, what? Little “bugs” cause disease by sneaking into the human body in some way, i.e., “sneaky” bacteria
10. The Italian scientist, Girolamo Fracastoro, suggested disease could be spread by what method? Air, Water, Touch. What year? 1546
11. Who is recognized as the first person to have invented the actual first microscope? Sacharias Jensen What was his profession? Eyeglass maker
12. Which scientist coined the word “microscope”? Faber
13. Who was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and what were his contributions to microbiology? Dutch businessman & amateur scientist; father of microbiology
14. What does “bacteria” mean? Little sticks
15. How does physics guy Robert Hooke relate to microbiology? First microscopic observation of a microbe.
16. Who was Louis Pasteur and how does his research affect the daily lives of most people today? French biochemist, inventor of pasteurization
Homework 1: Chapter 1, A. 1. – 16. on pp 15-17
1. What is microbiology? Study of microbes including the 4 fields above
2. Discuss van Leeuwenhoek’s role in the development of microbiology and why he is called the “father of microbiology.” Made his own microscopes and did his own research, and wrote down his own discoveries.
3. What is the theory of spontaneous generation? life would systematically emerge from sources other than seeds, eggs or parents and to the theories which explained the apparent phenomenon. The first form is abiogenesis, in which life emerges from non-living matter. This should not be confused for the modern hypothesis of abiogenesis, in which life emerged once and diversified. The second version is heterogenesis (sometimes called xenogenesis), in which one form of life emerges from a different form
4. Briefly describe how Redi and Spallanzani tried to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation. Redi took six jars, which he divided in two groups of three: in the first jar of each group, he put an unknown object; in the second, a dead fish; in the last, a raw chunk of veal. Redi took the first group of three, and covered the tops with fine gauze so that only air could get into it. He left the other group of jars open. After several days, he saw maggots appear on the objects in the open jars, on which flies had been able to land, but not in the gauze-covered jars.
He continued his experiments by capturing the maggots and waiting for them to metamorphose, which they did, becoming flies. Also, when dead flies or maggots were put in sealed jars with dead animals or veal, no maggots appeared, but when the same thing was done with living flies, maggots did appear.
Spallanzani’s experiment regarding spontaneous generation proved that microbes move through the air and that they could be killed through boiling. This work paved the way for later research by Louis Pasteur.
5. Discuss why Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall were finally successful at disproving the theory of spontaneous generation. They showed that life comes from life, that pre-existent life created new life; that a heat and cooling process of sterilization (called Tyndallization) can preserve foods.
6. Explain how pasteurization prevents beer, wine, and milk from spoiling. Kills bad bacteria and preserves length of freshness
7. State and explain the germ theory of disease. Illness caused by opportunistic microbes invading the host (germs)
8. What is meant by the term attenuated pathogen? A disease-producing agent, esp. a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism, that has been attenuated, or decreased, to form a vaccine or render it harmless.
9. What is meant by a heat-labile bacterium? One destroyed or altered by heat.
10. What is the difference between a duck? Just kidding. What is the difference between anti-septic surgery and a-septic surgery? Anti- means sterilized; a- means free of diseases
11. List all the important points in Koch’s postulates.
a. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy animals.
b. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
c. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
d. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
12. What contribution did Sir Alexander Fleming make to the conquest of disease? Penicillin
13. Explain the job of dairy and food microbiologists. Explain why their jobs are so important to our well-being. To ensure that only “good” bacteria survive the processes in milk and cheese, so that we can enjoy healthy eating.
14. What are some of the products an industrial microbiologist produces for our daily use? Amino acids, anti-biotics, and a whole ship-load of other things
15. What is the newest field of microbiology and what does it study? Microbial benefits to conquer cancer
16. List three things that you as a health care professional can do to prevent and control the spread of disease. YOUR list may include: washing hands, keeping hands from face, covering mouth and nose when sneezing and coughing, using latex gloves, etc.
Homework 1: Chapter 2, A. 1. – 6. on pp 36-37
1. Why does one need more light at higher powers for the microscope? Higher density lenses diffuse more light
2. What happens when the condenser is lowered and raised? Causes light to be focused and concentrated, or NOT
3. What is the difference between van Leeuwenhoek’s microscope and today’s modern microscope? Van’s was simple; today’s is super complex
4. Why is a drop of oil needed when using the oil-immersion objective? Oil immersion objectives are used only at very large magnifications that require high resolving power. Objectives with high power magnification have short focal lengths, facilitating the use of oil. The oil is applied to the specimen (conventional microscope), and the stage is raised, immersing the objective in oil.
The refractive indices of the oil and of the glass in the first lens element are nearly the same, which means that the refraction of light will be small upon entering the lens (the oil and glass are optically very similar). Oil immersion objectives are designed with this in mind, and can’t be used without oil, because in this case there will be much refraction of light at the glass/air interface, drastically changing the path of light entering the lens and making it impossible to achieve focus. Nevertheless, in situations in which not maximal clarity but a closer general view is preferred (for instance, where magnifications must be changed back and forth during the observation of a delicately mounted slide), the oil can be skipped at the cost of image sharpness. Using the oil immersion objective with oil can only be done on fixed specimens.
Another advantage of using oil is that it reduces reflective losses as light enters the lens (again because the oil and glass are optically alike).
5. What would happen if you lowered the body tube without watching the objective lens? Oops. May crush your object.
6. Explain the specific function of each of the following parts of the microscope –
a. Illuminator – light source
b. iris or disk diaphragm – opens or closes to give more or less light
c. ocular lens – to capture light
d. low power lens – to see “big picture”
e. high power lens – for detail
f. coarse adjustment control – to bring object near focus
g. fine adjustment control – to bring object into perfect focus
Homework 1: Chapter 3, A.1. – 25. On pp 63 – 64
1. What are organic catalysts called? Enzymes
2. Carbon dioxide is a molecule with carbon, and therefore by reason can be considered “organic.” However, it is usually not considered organic, as CO2 does not contain what element? Hydrogen
3. When an acid and a base are combined, the reaction between the hydrogen ions, H+, and the hydroxide ions, [OH]- , is called what? Neutralization/reduction
4. Compounds with the same molecular formula (same number of elemental parts) but a different shape or structure are called: iso-mers
5. When blue litmus paper is dipped into gastric juice, it turns a color. What color? red
6. Which of the following is the weakest acid: sulfuric, acetic, hydrochloride, nitric?
7. When table salt, NaCl, dissolves in water, it is called a(n): solute
8. When proper amounts of an acid and a base are combined, the products formed are a salt and what else? water
9. Which of the following is an “element”: sugar, starch, water, sodium. Na
10. A solution has a pH of 12. What does this tell us? base
11. A pH of 5 compared to a pH of 1 represents a hydrogen concentration that is …. acidic
12. Compounds that are added to a solution to prevent sudden deviation in pH are called…buffers
13. What is sucrose an isomer of? Lots of things: glucose,… -ose
14. Glucose is also called … cane sugar
15. The sugar used as a primary source of energy for plants is …. glucose
16. Compounds that are carried to a cell’s ribosomes via the tRNA molecules are …. sugars
17. Give a chemical formula for a typical carbohydrate. One with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, particularly with a hydroxide radical, e.g., C2H5OH
18. The formation of peptide bonds between amino acids is accompanied by ….. release of water
19. An essential vitamin for the growth of bacteria is …. Folic acid
20. The cellular molecule that can release the most energy is …. ATP
21. Chemical processes that occur within most cells generally occur at a pH close to what number? 7
22. Vitamins are necessary for the maintenance of living things because vitamins function how? Co-enzymes
23. A compound with the formula CH2NH2COOH is a(n). fatty acid
24. A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a(n) ….. group. Nitrogenous
25. The pH scale runs from what to what? 0 – 14
Homework 1: Chapter 4, A.1. – 13. on pp 74 – 76
1. List the five conditions needed for bacteria to grow.
a. Nutrients - enough
b. Temperature – correct (warm enough)
c. Predators – few
d. Pathogens - none
e. Environment – receptive, enough water, dark, adequate oxygen
2. Define the terms (a) aerobic bacteria and (b) anaerobic bacteria.
(a) Life forms that grow in an oxygen environment; (b) life forms that live in an atmosphere that has NO oxygen
3. Indicate why non-disposable diapers should be sterilized and, if possible, hung outdoors in direct sunlight to dry. Dirty diapers often have fecal matter on them, which is rife with bacteria. Sterilizing them kills that bacteria. Sunlight’s UV radiation further kills any microbes, as well as airing out the diaper to limit the astringent smell of urine.
4. Explain why thermometers must be disinfected after each usage. Each person has about 200 pathogens in his mouth (more in his anus), many of which will transfer to the surface of the thermometer, and may remain active and alive so as to be transferred to the mouth (or anus) of another patient, causing infection in the new patient. Disinfection kills bacteria and other life forms on the surface of the thermometer, thus making it aseptic.
5. Explain why frequent bathing is important to preventing infections. Running warm soapy water across the skin’s surface will “wash away” many or most of the microbes that may have appeared on the skin’s surface. The skin is a barrier to disease, but a small cut will allow entrance into the body.
6. Explain what causes the odor of perspiration. Products from the reactions inside bacteria that grows near the source of perspiration.
7. Name four ways to inhibit the growth of bacteria in food, and explain how it is done.
a. Refrigeration/freezing – slows or stops the biochemical reactions, and/or causes the cells to freeze and explode, killing them
b. Salting/vinegar – creates an environment that is not conducive to the growth of bacteria
c. Irradiation – destroys the nuclei of cells, thus, the bacteria
d. Vacuum - removes all matter, including bacteria and the environment that would promote its growth
8. Suggest why the test tubes and flasks in the picture on page 75 are covered with cotton. This will keep the solutions inside the flasks pure and free of dust particles and other larger objects (e.g., flies)
9. What are toxins? Poisons
10. What are some effects of toxins? Death and other harmful side effects
11. How often do bacteria reproduce, and by what method? Binary Fission every 9.8 minutes
12. Why is it important to discover the presence of bacteria soon after they have entered the body? They replicate really fast
13. Explain how colonies of bacteria will be visible on a petri dish after 24 hours. They replicate really fast, getting big enough to see.
Homework 1: “Microbiology: A Brief Summary”; Questions 1. – 16. At the end of the Document
Questions:
1. What does “microbiology” mean? The study of tiny life forms
2. Name 4 subfields of microbiology. bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, and virology
3. It is estimated that we have examined maybe only about how many percent of all of the types of microbes on Earth? 1%
4. Who was Sushruta? Ancient Wise Man of Northern India who suggested tiny invisible “bugs” may cause illness.
5. Which Roman scientist, about 80 BC, postulated theories on microorganisms? Reatinus
6. A Persian scholar had alluded to “tiny bodies” that contaminate the fluids and solids that human bodies give off. Who was this scholar (any of his names) and about what year was it? Avicenna
7. Who speculated that tuberculosis (TB) was infectious? Avicenna
8. Who recommended quarantine to help stop the spread of disease? Avicenna
9. A 14th Century Arab medical doctor, Ibn Khatima, concluded, what? Little “bugs” cause disease by sneaking into the human body in some way, i.e., “sneaky” bacteria
10. The Italian scientist, Girolamo Fracastoro, suggested disease could be spread by what method? Air, Water, Touch. What year? 1546
11. Who is recognized as the first person to have invented the actual first microscope? Sacharias Jensen What was his profession? Eyeglass maker
12. Which scientist coined the word “microscope”? Faber
13. Who was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and what were his contributions to microbiology? Dutch businessman & amateur scientist; father of microbiology
14. What does “bacteria” mean? Little sticks
15. How does physics guy Robert Hooke relate to microbiology? First microscopic observation of a microbe.
16. Who was Louis Pasteur and how does his research affect the daily lives of most people today? French biochemist, inventor of pasteurization
Homework 1: Chapter 1, A. 1. – 16. on pp 15-17
1. What is microbiology? Study of microbes including the 4 fields above
2. Discuss van Leeuwenhoek’s role in the development of microbiology and why he is called the “father of microbiology.” Made his own microscopes and did his own research, and wrote down his own discoveries.
3. What is the theory of spontaneous generation? life would systematically emerge from sources other than seeds, eggs or parents and to the theories which explained the apparent phenomenon. The first form is abiogenesis, in which life emerges from non-living matter. This should not be confused for the modern hypothesis of abiogenesis, in which life emerged once and diversified. The second version is heterogenesis (sometimes called xenogenesis), in which one form of life emerges from a different form
4. Briefly describe how Redi and Spallanzani tried to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation. Redi took six jars, which he divided in two groups of three: in the first jar of each group, he put an unknown object; in the second, a dead fish; in the last, a raw chunk of veal. Redi took the first group of three, and covered the tops with fine gauze so that only air could get into it. He left the other group of jars open. After several days, he saw maggots appear on the objects in the open jars, on which flies had been able to land, but not in the gauze-covered jars.
He continued his experiments by capturing the maggots and waiting for them to metamorphose, which they did, becoming flies. Also, when dead flies or maggots were put in sealed jars with dead animals or veal, no maggots appeared, but when the same thing was done with living flies, maggots did appear.
Spallanzani’s experiment regarding spontaneous generation proved that microbes move through the air and that they could be killed through boiling. This work paved the way for later research by Louis Pasteur.
5. Discuss why Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall were finally successful at disproving the theory of spontaneous generation. They showed that life comes from life, that pre-existent life created new life; that a heat and cooling process of sterilization (called Tyndallization) can preserve foods.
6. Explain how pasteurization prevents beer, wine, and milk from spoiling. Kills bad bacteria and preserves length of freshness
7. State and explain the germ theory of disease. Illness caused by opportunistic microbes invading the host (germs)
8. What is meant by the term attenuated pathogen? A disease-producing agent, esp. a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism, that has been attenuated, or decreased, to form a vaccine or render it harmless.
9. What is meant by a heat-labile bacterium? One destroyed or altered by heat.
10. What is the difference between a duck? Just kidding. What is the difference between anti-septic surgery and a-septic surgery? Anti- means sterilized; a- means free of diseases
11. List all the important points in Koch’s postulates.
a. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy animals.
b. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
c. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
d. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
12. What contribution did Sir Alexander Fleming make to the conquest of disease? Penicillin
13. Explain the job of dairy and food microbiologists. Explain why their jobs are so important to our well-being. To ensure that only “good” bacteria survive the processes in milk and cheese, so that we can enjoy healthy eating.
14. What are some of the products an industrial microbiologist produces for our daily use? Amino acids, anti-biotics, and a whole ship-load of other things
15. What is the newest field of microbiology and what does it study? Microbial benefits to conquer cancer
16. List three things that you as a health care professional can do to prevent and control the spread of disease. YOUR list may include: washing hands, keeping hands from face, covering mouth and nose when sneezing and coughing, using latex gloves, etc.
Homework 1: Chapter 2, A. 1. – 6. on pp 36-37
1. Why does one need more light at higher powers for the microscope? Higher density lenses diffuse more light
2. What happens when the condenser is lowered and raised? Causes light to be focused and concentrated, or NOT
3. What is the difference between van Leeuwenhoek’s microscope and today’s modern microscope? Van’s was simple; today’s is super complex
4. Why is a drop of oil needed when using the oil-immersion objective? Oil immersion objectives are used only at very large magnifications that require high resolving power. Objectives with high power magnification have short focal lengths, facilitating the use of oil. The oil is applied to the specimen (conventional microscope), and the stage is raised, immersing the objective in oil.
The refractive indices of the oil and of the glass in the first lens element are nearly the same, which means that the refraction of light will be small upon entering the lens (the oil and glass are optically very similar). Oil immersion objectives are designed with this in mind, and can’t be used without oil, because in this case there will be much refraction of light at the glass/air interface, drastically changing the path of light entering the lens and making it impossible to achieve focus. Nevertheless, in situations in which not maximal clarity but a closer general view is preferred (for instance, where magnifications must be changed back and forth during the observation of a delicately mounted slide), the oil can be skipped at the cost of image sharpness. Using the oil immersion objective with oil can only be done on fixed specimens.
Another advantage of using oil is that it reduces reflective losses as light enters the lens (again because the oil and glass are optically alike).
5. What would happen if you lowered the body tube without watching the objective lens? Oops. May crush your object.
6. Explain the specific function of each of the following parts of the microscope –
a. Illuminator – light source
b. iris or disk diaphragm – opens or closes to give more or less light
c. ocular lens – to capture light
d. low power lens – to see “big picture”
e. high power lens – for detail
f. coarse adjustment control – to bring object near focus
g. fine adjustment control – to bring object into perfect focus
Homework 1: Chapter 3, A.1. – 25. On pp 63 – 64
1. What are organic catalysts called? Enzymes
2. Carbon dioxide is a molecule with carbon, and therefore by reason can be considered “organic.” However, it is usually not considered organic, as CO2 does not contain what element? Hydrogen
3. When an acid and a base are combined, the reaction between the hydrogen ions, H+, and the hydroxide ions, [OH]- , is called what? Neutralization/reduction
4. Compounds with the same molecular formula (same number of elemental parts) but a different shape or structure are called: iso-mers
5. When blue litmus paper is dipped into gastric juice, it turns a color. What color? red
6. Which of the following is the weakest acid: sulfuric, acetic, hydrochloride, nitric?
7. When table salt, NaCl, dissolves in water, it is called a(n): solute
8. When proper amounts of an acid and a base are combined, the products formed are a salt and what else? water
9. Which of the following is an “element”: sugar, starch, water, sodium. Na
10. A solution has a pH of 12. What does this tell us? base
11. A pH of 5 compared to a pH of 1 represents a hydrogen concentration that is …. acidic
12. Compounds that are added to a solution to prevent sudden deviation in pH are called…buffers
13. What is sucrose an isomer of? Lots of things: glucose,… -ose
14. Glucose is also called … cane sugar
15. The sugar used as a primary source of energy for plants is …. glucose
16. Compounds that are carried to a cell’s ribosomes via the tRNA molecules are …. sugars
17. Give a chemical formula for a typical carbohydrate. One with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, particularly with a hydroxide radical, e.g., C2H5OH
18. The formation of peptide bonds between amino acids is accompanied by ….. release of water
19. An essential vitamin for the growth of bacteria is …. Folic acid
20. The cellular molecule that can release the most energy is …. ATP
21. Chemical processes that occur within most cells generally occur at a pH close to what number? 7
22. Vitamins are necessary for the maintenance of living things because vitamins function how? Co-enzymes
23. A compound with the formula CH2NH2COOH is a(n). fatty acid
24. A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a(n) ….. group. Nitrogenous
25. The pH scale runs from what to what? 0 – 14
Homework 1: Chapter 4, A.1. – 13. on pp 74 – 76
1. List the five conditions needed for bacteria to grow.
a. Nutrients - enough
b. Temperature – correct (warm enough)
c. Predators – few
d. Pathogens - none
e. Environment – receptive, enough water, dark, adequate oxygen
2. Define the terms (a) aerobic bacteria and (b) anaerobic bacteria.
(a) Life forms that grow in an oxygen environment; (b) life forms that live in an atmosphere that has NO oxygen
3. Indicate why non-disposable diapers should be sterilized and, if possible, hung outdoors in direct sunlight to dry. Dirty diapers often have fecal matter on them, which is rife with bacteria. Sterilizing them kills that bacteria. Sunlight’s UV radiation further kills any microbes, as well as airing out the diaper to limit the astringent smell of urine.
4. Explain why thermometers must be disinfected after each usage. Each person has about 200 pathogens in his mouth (more in his anus), many of which will transfer to the surface of the thermometer, and may remain active and alive so as to be transferred to the mouth (or anus) of another patient, causing infection in the new patient. Disinfection kills bacteria and other life forms on the surface of the thermometer, thus making it aseptic.
5. Explain why frequent bathing is important to preventing infections. Running warm soapy water across the skin’s surface will “wash away” many or most of the microbes that may have appeared on the skin’s surface. The skin is a barrier to disease, but a small cut will allow entrance into the body.
6. Explain what causes the odor of perspiration. Products from the reactions inside bacteria that grows near the source of perspiration.
7. Name four ways to inhibit the growth of bacteria in food, and explain how it is done.
a. Refrigeration/freezing – slows or stops the biochemical reactions, and/or causes the cells to freeze and explode, killing them
b. Salting/vinegar – creates an environment that is not conducive to the growth of bacteria
c. Irradiation – destroys the nuclei of cells, thus, the bacteria
d. Vacuum - removes all matter, including bacteria and the environment that would promote its growth
8. Suggest why the test tubes and flasks in the picture on page 75 are covered with cotton. This will keep the solutions inside the flasks pure and free of dust particles and other larger objects (e.g., flies)
9. What are toxins? Poisons
10. What are some effects of toxins? Death and other harmful side effects
11. How often do bacteria reproduce, and by what method? Binary Fission every 9.8 minutes
12. Why is it important to discover the presence of bacteria soon after they have entered the body? They replicate really fast
13. Explain how colonies of bacteria will be visible on a petri dish after 24 hours. They replicate really fast, getting big enough to see.
Bio 2100 LESSON 2
Bio 2100 LESSON 2
TUESDAY, December 01, 2009
Dr Dave Menke, Instructor
I Logistics:
A. Welcome
B. Return of Papers
C. Running Grades
D. General Questions
II Review of Lesson 1
A. Textbook, including Dr Dave’s “Microbiology: a Brief Summary”
B. Dr Dave’s Math-Science Blog:
http://drdhmenkebmc.blogspot.com/
C. Overview of Course
D. Weekly Workload
E. Left-Right Functions of Brain
F. Microbiology, Origins & Microscope
III Lab Exercise 1- Scientific Method
IV Lesson 2: Biochemistry & Microbiology; Pro-bacteria environment
V Review for Test 1: Review answers to homework questions
VI Conclusion
A. Finish Reading Dr Dave’s 6-page summary on Microbiology and do the questions 1. – 16. at the end of the essay;
B. Finish Reading chapters* 1-4 and doing the Review Questions A. 1. – 16 on pp 15-17; A. 1. – 6. on pp 36-37; A.1. – 25. On pp 63 – 64; A.1. – 13. on pp 74 – 76. Due Thursday, November 5; until end of class time
TUESDAY, December 01, 2009
Dr Dave Menke, Instructor
I Logistics:
A. Welcome
B. Return of Papers
C. Running Grades
D. General Questions
II Review of Lesson 1
A. Textbook, including Dr Dave’s “Microbiology: a Brief Summary”
B. Dr Dave’s Math-Science Blog:
http://drdhmenkebmc.blogspot.com/
C. Overview of Course
D. Weekly Workload
E. Left-Right Functions of Brain
F. Microbiology, Origins & Microscope
III Lab Exercise 1- Scientific Method
IV Lesson 2: Biochemistry & Microbiology; Pro-bacteria environment
V Review for Test 1: Review answers to homework questions
VI Conclusion
A. Finish Reading Dr Dave’s 6-page summary on Microbiology and do the questions 1. – 16. at the end of the essay;
B. Finish Reading chapters* 1-4 and doing the Review Questions A. 1. – 16 on pp 15-17; A. 1. – 6. on pp 36-37; A.1. – 25. On pp 63 – 64; A.1. – 13. on pp 74 – 76. Due Thursday, November 5; until end of class time
Bio 2100 LESSON 1
Bio 2100 LESSON 1
MONDAY, December 0, 2009 (November 30)
Dr Dave Menke, Instructor
I Introduction to Microbiology
II Logistics:
A. Syllabus
B. Dr Dave’s “Microbiology: a Brief Summary”
C. Textbook
D. Dr Dave’s Math-Science Blog:
http://drdhmenkebmc.blogspot.com/
E. Overview of Course
F. Weekly Workload
II Lesson 1:
A. Introduction
B. Left-Right Functions of Brain
C. Microbiology, Origins & Microscope
D. Homework Assignment Week 1: Read Dr Dave’s 6-page summary on Microbiology and do the questions 1. – 16. at the end of the essay; Read chapters* 1-4 and do Review Questions, Section A: A. 1. – 16 on pp 15-17; A. 1. – 6. on pp 36-37; A.1. – 25. On pp 63 – 64; A.1. – 13. on pp 74 – 76. Due Thursday, November 5
III Summary: Read “Microbiology: a Brief Summary” and Chapters 1 – 4; work on homework questions until end of class time
MONDAY, December 0, 2009 (November 30)
Dr Dave Menke, Instructor
I Introduction to Microbiology
II Logistics:
A. Syllabus
B. Dr Dave’s “Microbiology: a Brief Summary”
C. Textbook
D. Dr Dave’s Math-Science Blog:
http://drdhmenkebmc.blogspot.com/
E. Overview of Course
F. Weekly Workload
II Lesson 1:
A. Introduction
B. Left-Right Functions of Brain
C. Microbiology, Origins & Microscope
D. Homework Assignment Week 1: Read Dr Dave’s 6-page summary on Microbiology and do the questions 1. – 16. at the end of the essay; Read chapters* 1-4 and do Review Questions, Section A: A. 1. – 16 on pp 15-17; A. 1. – 6. on pp 36-37; A.1. – 25. On pp 63 – 64; A.1. – 13. on pp 74 – 76. Due Thursday, November 5
III Summary: Read “Microbiology: a Brief Summary” and Chapters 1 – 4; work on homework questions until end of class time
HOMEWORK SET 1
Homework 1: “Microbiology: A Brief Summary”; Questions 1. – 16. At the end of the Document
Questions:
1. What does “microbiology” mean?
2. Name 4 subfields of microbiology
3. It is estimated that we have examined maybe only about how many percent of all of the types of microbes on Earth?
4. Who was Sushruta?
5. Which Roman scientist, about 80 BC, postulated theories on microorganisms?
6. A Persian scholar had alluded to “tiny bodies” that contaminate the fluids and solids that human bodies give off. Who was this scholar (any of his names) and about what year was it?
7. Who speculated that tuberculosis (TB) was infectious?
8. Who recommended quarantine to help stop the spread of disease?
9. A 14th Century Arab medical doctor, Ibn Khatima, concluded, what?
10. The Italian scientist, Girolamo Fracastoro, suggested disease could be spread by what method? What year?
11. Who is recognized as the first person to have invented the actual first microscope? What was his profession?
12. Which scientist coined the word “microscope”?
13. Who was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and what were his contributions to microbiology?
14. What does “bacteria” mean?
15. How does physics guy Robert Hooke relate to microbiology?
16. Who was Louis Pasteur and how does his research affect the daily lives of most people today?
Homework 1: Chapter 1, A. 1. – 16. on pp 15-17
1. What is microbiology?
2. Discuss van Leeuwenhoek’s role in the development of microbiology and why he is called the “father of microbiology.”
3. What is the theory of spontaneous generation?
4. Briefly describe how Redi and Spallanzani tried to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation.
5. Discuss why Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall were finally successful at disproving the theory of spontaneous generation.
6. Explain how pasteurization prevents beer, wine, and milk from spoiling.
7. State and explain the germ theory of disease.
8. What is meant by the term attenuated pathogen?
9. What is meant by a heat-labile bacterium?
10. What is the difference between a duck? Just kidding. What is the difference between anti-septic surgery and a-septic surgery?
11. List all the important points in Koch’s postulates.
12. What contribution did Sir Alexander Fleming make to the conquest of disease?
13. Explain the job of dairy and food microbiologists. Explain why their jobs are so important to our well-being.
14. What are some of the products an industrial microbiologist produces for our daily use?
15. What is the newest field of microbiology and what does it study?
16. List three things that you as a health care professional can do to prevent and control the spread of disease.
Homework 1: Chapter 2, A. 1. – 6. on pp 36-37
1. Why does one need more light at higher powers for the microscope?
2. What happens when the condenser is lowered and raised?
3. What is the difference between van Leeuwenhoek’s microscope and today’s modern microscope?
4. Why is a drop of oil needed when using the oil-immersion objective?
5. What would have if you lowered the body tube without watching the objective lens?
6. Explain the specific function of each of the following parts of the microscope –
a. illuminator
b. iris or disk diaphragm
c. ocular lens
d. low power lens
e. high power lens
f. coarse adjustment control
g. fine adjustment control
Homework 1: Chapter 3, A.1. – 25. On pp 63 – 64
1. What are organic catalysts called?
2. Carbon dioxide is a molecule with carbon, and therefore by reason can be considered “organic.” However, it is usually not considered organic, as CO2 does not contain what element?
3. When an acid and a base are combined, the reaction between the hydrogen ions, H+, and the hydroxide ions, [OH]- , is called what?
4. Compounds with the same molecular formula (same number of elemental parts) but a different shape or structure are called:
5. When blue litmus paper is dipped into gastric juice, it turns a color. What color?
6. Which of the following is the weakest acid: sulfuric, acetic, hydrochloride, nitric?
7. When table salt, NaCl, dissolves in water, it is called a(n):
8. When proper amounts of an acid and a base are combined, the products formed are a salt and what else?
9. Which of the following is an “element”: sugar, starch, water, sodium.
10. A solution has a pH of 12. What does this tell us?
11. A pH of 5 compared to a pH of 1 represents a hydrogen concentration that is ….
12. Compounds that are added to a solution to prevent sudden deviation in pH are called…
13. What is sucrose an isomer of?
14. Glucose is also called …
15. The sugar used as a primary source of energy for plants is ….
16. Compounds that are carried to a cell’s ribosomes via the tRNA molecules are ….
17. Give a chemical formula for a typical carbohydrate.
18. The formation of a peptide bonds between amino acids is accompanied by …..
19. An essential vitamin for the growth of bacteria is ….
20. The cellular molecule that can release the most energy is ….
21. Chemical processes that occur within most cell generally occur at a pH close to what number?
22. Vitamins are necessary for the maintenance of living things because vitamins function how?
23. A compound with the formula CH2NH2COOH is a(n).
24. A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a(n) ….. group.
25. The pH scale runs from what to what?
Homework 1: Chapter 4, A.1. – 13. on pp 74 – 76
1. List the five conditions needed for bacteria to grow.
2. Define the term aerobic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria.
3. Indicate why non-disposable diapers should be sterilized and, if possible, hung outdoors in direct sunlight to dry.
4. Explain why thermometers must be disinfected after each usage.
5. Explain why frequent bathing is important to preventing infections.
6. Explain what causes the odor of perspiration.
7. Name four ways to inhibit the growth of bacteria in food, and explain how it is done.
8. Suggest why the test tubes and flasks in the picture on page 75 are covered with cotton.
9. What are toxins?
10. What are some effects of toxins?
11. How often do bacteria reproduce, and by what method?
12. Why is it important to discover the presence of bacteria soon after they have entered the body?
13. Explain how colonies of bacteria will be visible on a petri dish after 24 hours.
Questions:
1. What does “microbiology” mean?
2. Name 4 subfields of microbiology
3. It is estimated that we have examined maybe only about how many percent of all of the types of microbes on Earth?
4. Who was Sushruta?
5. Which Roman scientist, about 80 BC, postulated theories on microorganisms?
6. A Persian scholar had alluded to “tiny bodies” that contaminate the fluids and solids that human bodies give off. Who was this scholar (any of his names) and about what year was it?
7. Who speculated that tuberculosis (TB) was infectious?
8. Who recommended quarantine to help stop the spread of disease?
9. A 14th Century Arab medical doctor, Ibn Khatima, concluded, what?
10. The Italian scientist, Girolamo Fracastoro, suggested disease could be spread by what method? What year?
11. Who is recognized as the first person to have invented the actual first microscope? What was his profession?
12. Which scientist coined the word “microscope”?
13. Who was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and what were his contributions to microbiology?
14. What does “bacteria” mean?
15. How does physics guy Robert Hooke relate to microbiology?
16. Who was Louis Pasteur and how does his research affect the daily lives of most people today?
Homework 1: Chapter 1, A. 1. – 16. on pp 15-17
1. What is microbiology?
2. Discuss van Leeuwenhoek’s role in the development of microbiology and why he is called the “father of microbiology.”
3. What is the theory of spontaneous generation?
4. Briefly describe how Redi and Spallanzani tried to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation.
5. Discuss why Louis Pasteur and John Tyndall were finally successful at disproving the theory of spontaneous generation.
6. Explain how pasteurization prevents beer, wine, and milk from spoiling.
7. State and explain the germ theory of disease.
8. What is meant by the term attenuated pathogen?
9. What is meant by a heat-labile bacterium?
10. What is the difference between a duck? Just kidding. What is the difference between anti-septic surgery and a-septic surgery?
11. List all the important points in Koch’s postulates.
12. What contribution did Sir Alexander Fleming make to the conquest of disease?
13. Explain the job of dairy and food microbiologists. Explain why their jobs are so important to our well-being.
14. What are some of the products an industrial microbiologist produces for our daily use?
15. What is the newest field of microbiology and what does it study?
16. List three things that you as a health care professional can do to prevent and control the spread of disease.
Homework 1: Chapter 2, A. 1. – 6. on pp 36-37
1. Why does one need more light at higher powers for the microscope?
2. What happens when the condenser is lowered and raised?
3. What is the difference between van Leeuwenhoek’s microscope and today’s modern microscope?
4. Why is a drop of oil needed when using the oil-immersion objective?
5. What would have if you lowered the body tube without watching the objective lens?
6. Explain the specific function of each of the following parts of the microscope –
a. illuminator
b. iris or disk diaphragm
c. ocular lens
d. low power lens
e. high power lens
f. coarse adjustment control
g. fine adjustment control
Homework 1: Chapter 3, A.1. – 25. On pp 63 – 64
1. What are organic catalysts called?
2. Carbon dioxide is a molecule with carbon, and therefore by reason can be considered “organic.” However, it is usually not considered organic, as CO2 does not contain what element?
3. When an acid and a base are combined, the reaction between the hydrogen ions, H+, and the hydroxide ions, [OH]- , is called what?
4. Compounds with the same molecular formula (same number of elemental parts) but a different shape or structure are called:
5. When blue litmus paper is dipped into gastric juice, it turns a color. What color?
6. Which of the following is the weakest acid: sulfuric, acetic, hydrochloride, nitric?
7. When table salt, NaCl, dissolves in water, it is called a(n):
8. When proper amounts of an acid and a base are combined, the products formed are a salt and what else?
9. Which of the following is an “element”: sugar, starch, water, sodium.
10. A solution has a pH of 12. What does this tell us?
11. A pH of 5 compared to a pH of 1 represents a hydrogen concentration that is ….
12. Compounds that are added to a solution to prevent sudden deviation in pH are called…
13. What is sucrose an isomer of?
14. Glucose is also called …
15. The sugar used as a primary source of energy for plants is ….
16. Compounds that are carried to a cell’s ribosomes via the tRNA molecules are ….
17. Give a chemical formula for a typical carbohydrate.
18. The formation of a peptide bonds between amino acids is accompanied by …..
19. An essential vitamin for the growth of bacteria is ….
20. The cellular molecule that can release the most energy is ….
21. Chemical processes that occur within most cell generally occur at a pH close to what number?
22. Vitamins are necessary for the maintenance of living things because vitamins function how?
23. A compound with the formula CH2NH2COOH is a(n).
24. A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a(n) ….. group.
25. The pH scale runs from what to what?
Homework 1: Chapter 4, A.1. – 13. on pp 74 – 76
1. List the five conditions needed for bacteria to grow.
2. Define the term aerobic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria.
3. Indicate why non-disposable diapers should be sterilized and, if possible, hung outdoors in direct sunlight to dry.
4. Explain why thermometers must be disinfected after each usage.
5. Explain why frequent bathing is important to preventing infections.
6. Explain what causes the odor of perspiration.
7. Name four ways to inhibit the growth of bacteria in food, and explain how it is done.
8. Suggest why the test tubes and flasks in the picture on page 75 are covered with cotton.
9. What are toxins?
10. What are some effects of toxins?
11. How often do bacteria reproduce, and by what method?
12. Why is it important to discover the presence of bacteria soon after they have entered the body?
13. Explain how colonies of bacteria will be visible on a petri dish after 24 hours.
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